B.1
EXPLOSIVES
B.1.1 Definitions
and general considerations
An explosive chemical is a solid or liquid
chemical which is in itself capable by chemical reaction
of producing gas at such a temperature and pressure and
at such a speed as to cause damage to the surroundings.
Pyrotechnic chemicals are included even when they do not
evolve gases.
A pyrotechnic
chemical is a chemical designed to produce an effect
by heat, light, sound, gas or smoke or a combination of
these as the result of non-detonative self-sustaining exothermic
chemical reactions.
An explosive
item is an item containing one or more explosive
chemicals. A pyrotechnic item is an item containing one
or more pyrotechnic chemicals.
An unstable
explosive is an explosive which is thermally unstable
and/or too sensitive for normal handling, transport, or
use.
An intentional
explosive is a chemical or item which is manufactured
with a view to produce a practical explosive or pyrotechnic
effect.
B.1.1.2 The class of explosives comprises:
(a) Explosive chemicals;
(b) Explosive items, except devices containing explosive
chemicals in such quantity or of such a character that their
inadvertent or accidental ignition or initiation shall not
cause any effect external to the device either by projection,
fire, smoke, heat or loud noise; and
(c) Chemicals and items not included under (a) and (b) above
which are manufactured with the view to producing a practical
explosive or pyrotechnic effect.
B.1.2 Classification criteria
Chemicals and items of this class shall be classified as
unstable explosives or shall be assigned to one of the following
six divisions depending on the type of hazard they present:
(a) Division 1.1 - Chemicals
and items which have a mass explosion hazard (a mass explosion
is one which affects almost the entire quantity present
virtually instantaneously);
(b) Division 1.2 - Chemicals and items which have
a projection hazard but not a mass explosion hazard;
(c) Division 1.3 - Chemicals and items which have
a fire hazard and either a minor blast hazard or a minor
projection hazard or both, but not a mass explosion hazard:
(i) Combustion of which gives
rise to considerable radiant heat; or
(ii) Which burn one after another, producing minor blast
or projection effects or both;
(d) Division 1.4 - Chemicals
and items which present no significant hazard:chemicals
and items which present only a small hazard in the event
of ignition or initiation. The effects are largely confined
to the package and no projection of fragments of appreciable
size or range is to be expected. An external fire shall
not cause virtually instantaneous explosion of almost the
entire contents of the package;
(e) Division 1.5 - Very insensitive chemicals which
have a mass explosion hazard: chemicals which have a mass
explosion hazard but are so insensitive that there is very
little probability of initiation or of transition from burning
to detonation under normal conditions;
(f) Division 1.6 - Extremely insensitive items which
do not have a mass explosion hazard: items which contain
only extremely insensitive detonating chemicals and which
demonstrate a negligible probability of accidental initiation
or propagation.
B.1.3 Additional classification
considerations
B.1.3.1 Explosives shall
be classified as unstable explosives or shall be assigned
to one of the six divisions identified in B.1.2 in accordance
with the three step procedure in Part I of the UN ST/SG/AC.10
(incorporated by reference; See §1910.6). The first
step is to ascertain whether the substance or mixture has
explosive effects (Test Series 1). The second step is the
acceptance procedure (Test Series 2 to 4) and the third
step is the assignment to a hazard division (Test Series
5 to 7). The assessment whether a candidate for “ammonium
nitrate emulsion or suspension or gel, intermediate for
blasting explosives (ANE)” is insensitive enough for
inclusion as an oxidizing liquid (See B.13) or an oxidizing
solid (See B.14) is determined by Test Series 8 tests.
NOTE: Classification of solid
chemicals shall be based on tests performed on the chemical
as presented. If, for example, for the purposes of supply
or transport, the same chemical is to be presented in a
physical form different from that which was tested and which
is based on testing of the chemical in the new form.
B.1.3.2 Explosive properties
are associated with the presence of certain chemical groups
in a molecule which can react to produce very rapid increases
in temperature or pressure. The screening procedure in B.1.3.1
is aimed at identifying the presence of such reactive groups
and the potential for rapid energy release. If the screening
procedure identifies the chemical as a potential explosive,
the acceptance procedure (See section 10.3 of the UN ST/SG/AC.10
(incorporated by reference; See §1910.6)) is necessary
for classification.
NOTE: Neither a Series 1 type
(a) propagation of detonation test nor a Series 2 type (a)
test of sensitivity to detonative shock is necessary if
the exothermic decomposition energy of organic materials
is less than 800 J/g.
B.1.3.3 If a mixture
contains any known explosives, the acceptance procedure
is necessary for classification.
B.1.3.4 A chemical is
not classified as explosive if:
(a) There are no chemical groups
associated with explosive properties present in the molecule.
Examples of groups which may indicate explosive properties
are given in Table A6.1 in Appendix 6 of the UN ST/SG/AC.10
(incorporated by reference; See ˜1910.6); or
(b) The substance contains chemical groups associated with
explosive properties which include oxygen and the calculated
oxygen balance is less than -200. The oxygen balance is
calculated for the chemical reaction:
using the formula: oxygen balance = -1600 [2x +(y/2) -z]/molecular
weight; or
(c) The organic substance or a homogenous mixture of organic
substances contains chemical groups associated with explosive
properties but the exothermic decomposition energy is less
than 500 J/g and the onset of exothermic decomposition is
below 500°C (932°F). The exothermic decomposition
energy may be determined using a suitable calorimetric technique;
or
(d) For mixtures of inorganic oxidizing substances with
organic material(s), the concentration of the inorganic
oxidizing substance is:
(i) less than 15%, by mass,
if the oxidizing substance is assigned to Category 1 or
2;
(ii) less than 30%, by mass, if the oxidizing substance
is assigned to Category 3.
B.2 FLAMMABLE
GASES
B.2.1 Definition
Flammable gas means a gas having a flammable range with
air at 20°C (68°F) and a standard pressure of 101.3
kPa (14.7 psi).
B.2.2 Classification criteria
A flammable gas shall be classified in one of the two categories
for this class in accordance with Table B.2.1:
B.2.3 Additional classification
considerations
Flammability shall be determined by tests or by calculation
in accordance with ISO 10156 (incorporated by reference;
See §1910.6). Where insufficient data are available
to use this method, equivalent validated methods may be
used.
B.3
FLAMMABLE AEROSOLS
B.3.1 Definition
Aerosol means any non-refillable receptacle
containing a gas compressed, liquefied or dissolved under
pressure, and fitted with a release device allowing the
contents to be ejected as particles in suspension in a gas,
or as a foam, paste, powder, liquid or gas.
B.3.2 Classification criteria
B.3.2.1 Aerosols shall be considered for classification
as flammable if they contain any component which is classified
as flammable in accordance with this Appendix, i.e.:
Flammable liquids (See B.6);
Flammable gases (See B.2);
Flammable solids (See B.7).
NOTE 1: Flammable components
do not include pyrophoric, self-heating or water-reactive
chemicals.
NOTE 2: Flammable aerosols do not fall additionally within
the scope of flammable gases, flammable liquids, or flammable
solids.
B.3.2.2 A flammable aerosol shall be classified in
one of the two categories for this class in accordance with
Table B.3.1.
NOTE: Aerosols not submitted
to the flammability classification procedures in this Appendix
shall be classified as extremely flammable (Category 1).
B.3.3 Additional classification considerations
B.3.3.1 To classify a flammable aerosol, data on
its flammable components, on its chemical heat of combustion
and, if applicable, the results of the aerosol foam flammability
test (for foam aerosols) and of the ignition distance test
and enclosed space test (for spray aerosols) are necessary.
B.3.3.2 The chemical heat of combustion (Hc), in
kilojoules per gram (kJ/g), is the product of the theoretical
heat of combustion (Hcomb), and a combustion efficiency,
usually less than 1.0 (a typical combustion efficiency is
0.95 or 95%). For a composite aerosol formulation, the chemical
heat of combustion is the summation of the weighted heats
of combustion for the individual components, as follows:
The chemical heats of combustion
shall be found in literature, calculated or determined by
tests (See ASTM D240-02, ISO 13943, Sections 86.1 to 86.3,
and NFPA 30B (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6)).
B.3.3.3 The Ignition Distance Test, Enclosed Space
Ignition Test and Aerosol Foam Flammability Test shall be
performed in accordance with sub-sections 31.4, 31.5 and
31.6 of the of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference;
See §1910.6).
B.4
OXIDIZING GASES
B.4.1 Definition
Oxidizing gas means any gas which may, generally by providing
oxygen, cause or contribute to the combustion of other material
more than air does.
NOTE: “Gases which cause
or contribute to the combustion of other material more than
air does” means pure gases or gas mixtures with an
oxidizing power greater than 23.5% (as determined by a method
specified in ISO 10156 or 10156-2 (incorporated by reference,
See §1910.6)or an equivalent testing method.) shall
be classified in a single category for this class in accordance
with Table B.4.1:
An oxidizing gas shall be classified
in a single category for this class in accordance with Table
B.4.1:
B.4.3 Additional classification
considerations
Classification shall be in accordance with tests or calculation
methods as described in ISO 10156 (incorporated by reference;
See §1910.6) and ISO 10156-2 (incorporated by reference;
See §1910.6).
B.5
GASES UNDER PRESSURE
B.5.1 Definition
Gases under pressure are gases which are contained in a
receptacle at a pressure of 200 kPa (29 psi) (gauge) or
more, or which are liquefied or liquefied and refrigerated.
They comprise compressed gases, liquefied gases, dissolved
gases and refrigerated liquefied gases.
B.5.2 Classification criteria
Gases under pressure shall be classified in one of four
groups in accordance with Table B.5.1:
B.6
FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
B.6.1 Definition
Flammable liquid means a liquid having a flash
point of not more than 93°C (199.4°F).
Flash point means the minimum temperature
at which a liquid gives off vapor in sufficient concentration
to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of
the liquid, as determined by a method identified in Section
B.6.3.
B.6.2 Classification criteria
A flammable liquid shall be classified in one of four categories
in accordance with Table B.6.1:
B.6.3 Additional classification
considerations
The flash point shall be determined in accordance with ASTM
D56-05, ASTM D3278, ASTM D3828, ASTM D93-08 (incorporated
by reference; See §1910.6), or any other method specified
in GHS Revision 3, Chapter 2.6. The initial boiling point
shall be determined in accordance with ASTM D86-07a or ASTM
D1078 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6).
B.7
FLAMMABLE SOLIDS
B.7.1 Definitions
Flammable solid means a solid which is a readily
combustible solid, or which may cause or contribute to fire
through friction.
Readily combustible solids are powdered, granular,
or pasty chemicals which are dangerous if they can be easily
ignited by brief contact with an ignition source, such as
a burning match, and if the flame spreads rapidly.
B.7.2 Classification criteria
B.7.2.1 Powdered, granular or pasty chemicals shall
be classified as flammable solids when the time of burning
of one or more of the test runs, performed in accordance
with the test method described in the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated
by reference; See §1910.6), Part III,
sub-section 33.2.1, is less than 45 s or the rate of burning
is more than 2.2 mm/s (0.0866 in/s).
B.7.2.2 Powders of metals or metal alloys shall be
classified as flammable solids when they can be ignited
and the reaction spreads over the whole length of the sample
in 10 min or less.
B.7.2.3 Solids which
may cause fire through friction shall be classified in this
class by analogy with existing entries (e.g., matches) until
definitive criteria are established.
B.7.2.4 A flammable
solid shall be classified in one of the two categories for
this class using Method N.1 as described in Part III, subsection
33.2.1 of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference;
See §1910.6), in accordance with Table B.7.1:
NOTE: Classification of solid
chemicals shall be based on tests performed on the chemical
as presented. If, for example, for the purposes of supply
or transport, the same chemical is to be presented in a
physical form different from that which was tested and which
is considered likely to materially alter its performance
in a classification test, classification must be based on
testing of the chemical in the new form.
B.8
SELF-REACTIVE CHEMICALS
B.8.1 Definitions
Self-reactive chemicals are thermally unstable
liquid or solid chemicals liable to undergo a strongly exothermic
decomposition even without participation of oxygen (air).
This definition excludes chemicals classified under this
section as explosives, organic peroxides, oxidizing liquids
or oxidizing solids.
A self-reactive chemical is
regarded as possessing explosive properties when in laboratory
testing the formulation is liable to detonate, to deflagrate
rapidly or to show a violent effect when heated under confinement.
B.8.2 Classification criteria
B.8.2.1 A self-reactive chemical shall be considered
for classification in this class unless:
(a) It is classified as an
explosive according to B.1 of this appendix;
(b) It is classified as an oxidizing liquid or an oxidizing
solid according to B.13 or B.14 of this appendix, except
that a mixture of oxidizing substances which contains
5% or more of combustible organic substances shall be
classified as a self-reactive chemical according to the
procedure defined in B.8.2.2;
(c) It is classified as an organic peroxide according
to B.15 of this appendix;
(d) Its heat of decomposition is less than 300 J/g; or
(e) Its self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT)
is greater than 75°C (167°F) for a 50 kg (110
lb) package.
B.8.2.2 Mixtures of
oxidizing substances, meeting the criteria for classification
as oxidizing liquids or oxidizing solids, which contain
5% or more of combustible organic substances and which do
not meet the criteria mentioned in B.8.2.1 (a), (c), (d)
or (e), shall be subjected to the self-reactive chemicals
classification procedure in B.8.2.3. Such a mixture showing
the properties of a self-reactive chemical type B to F shall
be classified as a self-reactive chemical.
B.8.2.3 Self-reactive chemicals shall be classified
in one of the seven categories of “types A to G”
for this class, according to the following principles:
(a) Any self-reactive chemical
which can detonate or deflagrate rapidly, as packaged, will
be defined as self-reactive chemical TYPE A;
(b) Any self-reactive chemical possessing explosive properties
and which, as packaged, neither detonates nor deflagrates
rapidly, but is liable to undergo a thernak explosion in
that package will be defined as self-reactive chemical TYPE
B;
(c) Any self-reactive chemical possessing explosive properties
when the chemical as packaged cannot detonate or deflagrate
rapidly or undergo a thermal explosion will be defined as
self-reactive chemical TYPE C;
(d) Any self-reactive chemical which in laboratory testing
meets the criteria in (d)(i), (ii), or (iii) will be defined
as self-reactive chemical TYPE D:
(i) Detonates partially,
does not deflagrate rapidly and shows no violent effect
when heated under confinement; or
(ii) Does not detonate at all, deflagrates slowly and
shows no violent effect when heated under confinement;
or
(iii) Does not detonate or deflagrate at all and shows
a medium effect when heated under confinement;
(e) Any self-reactive chemical
which, in laboratory testing, neither detonates nor deflagrates
at all and shows low or no effect when heated under confinement
will be defined as self-reactive chemical TYPE E;
(f) Any self-reactive chemical which, in laboratory testing,
neither detonates in the cavitated state nor deflagrates
at all and shows only a low or no effect when heated under
confinement as well as low or no explosive power will be
defined as self-reactive chemical TYPE F;
(g) Any self-reactive chemical which, in laboratory testing,
neither detonates in the cavitated state nor deflagrates
at all and shows no effect when heated under confinement
nor any explosive power, provided that it is thermally stable
(self-accelerating decomposition temperature is 60°C
(140°F) to 75°C (167°F) for a 50 kg (110 LB)
package), and, for liquid mixtures, a diluent having a boiling
point greater than or equal to 150°C (302°F) is
used for desensitization will be defined as self-reactive
chemical TYPE G. If the mixture is not thermally stable
or a diluent having a boiling point less than 150°C
(302°F) is used for desensitization, the mixture shall
be defined as self-reactive chemical TYPE F.
B.8.3 Additional classification
considerations
B.8.3.1 For purposes of classification, the properties
of self-reactive chemicals shall be determined in accordance
with test series A to H as described in Part II of the UN
ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6).
B.8.3.2 Self-accelerating decomposition temperature
(SADT) shall be determined in accordance with the UN ST/SG/AC.10,
Part II, section 28 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6).B.8.3.3
The classification procedures for self-reactive substances
and mixtures need not
be applied if:
(a) There are no chemical groups present in the molecule
associated with explosive or self-reactive properties; examples
of such groups are given in Tables A6.1 and A6.2 in the
Appendix 6 of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference;
See §1910.6); or
(b) For a single organic substance or a homogeneous mixture
of organic substances, the estimated SADT is greater than
75°C (167°F) or the exothermic decomposition energy
is less than 300 J/g. The onset temperature and decomposition
energy may be estimated using a suitable calorimetric technique
(See 20.3.3.3 in Part II of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated
by reference; See §1910.6)).
B.9
PYROPHORIC LIQUIDS
B.9.1 Definition
Pyrophoric liquid means a liquid which, even
in small quantities, is liable to ignite within five minutes
after coming into contact with air.
B.9.2 Classification criteria
A pyrophoric liquid shall be classified in a single category
for this class using test N.3 in Part III, subsection 33.3.1.5
of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6),
in accordance with Table B.9.1:
B.9.3 Additional classification
considerations
The classification procedure for pyrophoric liquids need
not be applied when experience in production or handling
shows that the chemical does not ignite spontaneously on
coming into contact with air at normal temperatures (i.e.,
the substance is known to be stable at room temperature
for prolonged periods of time (days)).
B.10
PYROPHORIC SOLIDS
B.10.1 Definition
Pyrophoric solid means a solid which, even in small quantities,
is liable to ignite within five minutes after coming into
contact with air.
B.10.2 Classification criteria
A pyrophoric solid shall be classified in a single category
for this class using test N.2 in Part III, subsection 33.3.1.4
of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6),
in accordance with Table B.10.1:
NOTE: Classification of solid
chemicals shall be based on tests performed on the chemical
as presented. If, for example, for the purposes of supply
or transport, the same chemical is to be presented in a
physical form different from that which was tested and which
is considered likely to materially alter its performance
in a classification test, classification must be based on
testing of the chemical in the new form.
B.10.3 Additional classification
considerations
The classification procedure for pyrophoric solids need
not be applied when experience in production or handling
shows that the chemical does not ignite spontaneously on
coming into contact with air at normal temperatures (i.e.,
the chemical is known to be stable at room temperature for
prolonged periods of time (days)).
B.11
SELF-HEATING CHEMICALS
B.11.1 Definition
A self-heating chemical is a solid or liquid
chemical, other than a pyrophoric liquid or solid, which,
by reaction with air and without energy supply, is liable
to self-heat; this chemical differs from a pyrophoric liquid
or solid in that it will ignite only when in large amounts
(kilograms) and after long periods of time (hours or days).
NOTE: Self-heating of a substance
or mixture is a process where the gradual reaction of that
substance or mixture with oxygen (in air) generates heat.
If the rate of heat production exceeds the rate of heat
loss, then the temperature of the substance or mixture will
rise which,
after an induction time, may lead to self-ignition and combustion.
B.11.2 Classification criteria
B.11.2.1 A self-heating chemical shall be classified
in one of the two categories for this class if, in tests
performed in accordance with test method N.4 in Part III,
subsection 33.3.1.6 of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated
by reference; See §1910.6), the result meets the criteria
shown in Table B.11.1.
B.11.2.2 Chemicals with
a temperature of spontaneous combustion higher than 50°C
(122°F) for a volume of 27 m3 shall not be classified
as self-heating chemicals.
B.11.2.3 Chemicals with
a spontaneous ignition temperature higher than 50°C
(122°F) for a volume of 450 liters shall not be classified
in Category 1 of this class. B.11.3 Additional classification
considerations B.11.3.1 The classification procedure for
self-heating chemicals need not be applied if the results
of a screening test can be adequately correlated with the
classification test and an appropriate safety margin is
applied.
B.11.3.2 Examples of screening
tests are:
(a) The Grewer Oven test (VDI guideline 2263, part 1, 1990,
Test methods for the Determination of the Safety Characteristics
of Dusts) with an onset temperature 80°K above the reference
temperature for a volume of 1 l;
(b) The Bulk Powder Screening Test (Gibson, N. Harper, D.
J. Rogers, R. Evaluation of the fire and explosion risks
in drying powders, Plant
Operations Progress, 4 (3), 181-189, 1985) with an onset
temperature 60 °K above the reference temperature for
a volume of 1 l.
B.12
CHEMICALS WHICH, IN CONTACT WITH WATER, EMIT FLAMMABLE GASES
B.12.1 Definition
Chemicals which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases
are solid or liquid chemicals which, by interaction with
water, are liable to become spontaneously flammable or to
give off flammable gases in dangerous quantities.
B.12.2 Classification criteria
B.12.2.1 A chemical which, in contact with water,
emits flammable gases shall be classified in one of the
three categories for this class, using test N.5 in Part
III, subsection 33.4.1.4 of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated
by reference; See §1910.6), in accordance with Table
B.12.1:
NOTE: Classification of solid
chemicals shall be based on tests performed on the chemical
as presented. If, for example, for the purposes of supply
or transport, the same chemical is to be presented in a
physical form different from that which was tested and which
is considered likely to materially alter its performance
in a classification test, classification must be based on
testing of the chemical in the new form.
B.12.2.2 A chemical
is classified as a chemical which, in contact with water,
emits flammable gases if spontaneous ignition takes place
in any step of the test procedure. B.12.3 Additional classification
considerations The classification procedure for this class
need not be applied if:
(a) The chemical structure
of the chemical does not contain metals or metalloids;
(b) Experience in production
or handling shows that the chemical does not react with
water, (e.g., the chemical is manufactured with water or
washed with water); or
(c) The chemical is known to be soluble in water to form
a stable mixture.
B.13
OXIDIZING LIQUIDS
B.13.1 Definition
Oxidizing liquid means a liquid which, while
in itself not necessarily combustible, may, generally by
yielding oxygen, cause, or contribute to, the combustion
of other material.
B.13.2 Classification criteria
An oxidizing liquid shall be classified in one of the three
categories for this class using test O.2 in Part III, subsection
34.4.2 of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference;
See §1910.6), in accordance with Table B.13.1:
B.13.3 Additional classification
considerations
B.13.3.1 For organic chemicals, the classification
procedure for this class shall not be applied if:
(a) The chemical does not contain oxygen, fluorine or chlorine;
or
(b) The chemical contains oxygen, fluorine or chlorine and
these elements are chemically bonded only to carbon or hydrogen.
B.13.3.2 For inorganic
chemicals, the classification procedure for this class shall
not be applied if the chemical does not contain oxygen or
halogen atoms.
B.13.3.3 In the event of divergence between test
results and known experience in the handling and use of
chemicals which shows them to be oxidizing, judgments based
on known experience shall take precedence over test results.
B.13.3.4 In cases where chemicals generate a pressure
rise (too high or too low), caused by chemical reactions
not characterizing the oxidizing properties of the chemical,
the test described in Part III, subsection 34.4.2 of the
UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6)
shall be repeated with an inert substance (e.g., diatomite
(kieselguhr)) in place of the cellulose in order to clarify
the nature of the reaction.
B.14
OXIDIZING SOLIDS
B.14.1 Definition
Oxidizing solid means a solid which, while
in itself is not necessarily combustible, may, generally
by yielding oxygen, cause, or contribute to, the combustion
of other material.
B.14.2 Classification criteria
An oxidizing solid shall be classified in one of the three
categories for this class using test O.1 in Part III, subsection
34.4.1 of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference;
See §1910.6), in accordance with Table B.14.1:
NOTE 1: Some oxidizing solids
may present explosion hazards under certain conditions (e.g.,
when stored in large quantities). For example, some types
of ammonium nitrate may give rise to an explosion hazard
under extreme conditions and the “Resistance to detonation
test” (IMO: Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes,
2005, Annex 3, Test 5) may be used to assess this hazard.
When information indicates that an oxidizing solid may present
an explosion hazard, it shall be indicated on the Safety
Data Sheet.
NOTE 2: Classification of solid
chemicals shall be based on tests performed on the chemical
as presented. If, for example, for the purposes of supply
or transport, the same chemical is to be presented in a
physical form different from that which was tested and which
is considered likely to materially alter its performance
in a classification test, classification must be based on
testing of the chemical in the new form.
B.14.3 Additional classification
considerations
B.14.3.1 For organic chemicals, the classification
procedure for this class shall not be applied if:
(a) The chemical does not contain oxygen, fluorine or chlorine;
or
(b) The chemical contains oxygen, fluorine or chlorine and
these elements are chemically bonded only to carbon or hydrogen.
B.14.3.2 For inorganic
chemicals, the classification procedure for this class shall
not be applied if the chemical does not contain oxygen or
halogen atoms.
B.14.3.3 In the event of divergence between test
results and known experience in the handling and use of
chemicals which shows them to be oxidizing, judgements based
on known experience shall take precedence over test results.
B.15
ORGANIC PEROXIDES
B.15.1 Definition
B.15.1.1 Organic peroxide means a liquid
or solid organic chemical which contains the bivalent -0-0-
structure and as such is considered a derivative of hydrogen
peroxide, where one or both of the hydrogen atoms have been
replaced by organic radicals. The term organic peroxide
includes organic peroxide mixtures containing at least one
organic peroxide. Organic peroxides are thermally unstable
chemicals, which may undergo exothermic self-accelerating
decomposition. In addition, they may have one or more of
the following properties:
(a) Be liable to explosive decomposition;
(b) Burn rapidly;
(c) Be sensitive to impact or friction;
(d) React dangerously with other substances.
B.15.1.2 An organic peroxide is regarded as possessing
explosive properties when in laboratory testing the formulation
is liable to detonate, to deflagrate rapidly or to show
a violent effect when heated under confinement.
B.15.2 Classification criteria
B.15.2.1 Any organic peroxide shall be considered
for classification in this class, unless it contains:
(a) Not more than 1.0% available oxygen from the organic
peroxides when containing not more than 1.0% hydrogen peroxide;
or
(b) Not more than 0.5% available oxygen from the organic
peroxides when containing more than 1.0% but not more than
7.0% hydrogen peroxide.
NOTE: The available oxygen content (%) of an organic peroxide
mixture is given by the formula:
B.15.2.2 Organic peroxides
shall be classified in one of the seven categories of “Types
A to G” for this class, according to the following
principles:
(a) Any organic peroxide which, as packaged, can detonate
or deflagrate rapidly shall be defined as organic peroxide
TYPE A;
(b) Any organic peroxide possessing explosive properties
and which, as packaged, neither detonates nor deflagrates
rapidly, but is liable to undergo a thermal explosion in
that package shall be defined as organic peroxide TYPE B;
(c) Any organic peroxide possessing explosive properties
when the chemical as packaged cannot detonate or deflagrate
rapidly or undergo a thermal explosion shall be defined
as organic peroxide TYPE C;
(d) Any organic peroxide which in laboratory testing meets
the criteria in (d)(i), (ii), or (iii) shall be defined
as organic peroxide TYPE D:
(i) Detonates partially,
does not deflagrate rapidly and shows no violent effect
when heated under confinement; or
(ii) Does not detonate at all, deflagrates slowly and
shows no violent effect when heated under confinement;
or
(iii) Does not detonate or deflagrate at all and shows
a medium effect when heated under confinement;
(e) Any organic peroxide which,
in laboratory testing, neither detonates nor deflagrates
at all and shows low or no effect when heated under confinement
shall be defined as organic peroxide TYPE E;
(f) Any organic peroxide which, in laboratory testing, neither
detonates in the cavitated state nor deflagrates at all
and shows only a low or no effect when heated under confinement
as well as low or no explosive power shall be defined as
organic peroxide TYPE F;
(g) Any organic peroxide which, in laboratory testing, neither
detonates in the cavitated state nor deflagrates at all
and shows no effect when heated under confinement nor any
explosive power, provided that it is thermally stable (self-accelerating
decomposition temperature is 60°C (140°F) or higher
for a 50 kg (110 LB) package), and, for liquid mixtures,
a diluent having a boiling point of not less than 150°C
(302°F) is used for desensitization, shall be defined
as organic peroxide TYPE G. If the organic peroxide is not
thermally stable or a diluent having a boiling point less
than 150°C (302°F) is used for desensitization,
it shall be defined as organic peroxide TYPE F.
B.15.3 Additional classification
considerations
B.15.3.1 For purposes of classification, the properties
of organic peroxides shall be determined in accordance with
test series A to H as described in Part II of the UN ST/SG/AC.10
(incorporated by reference; See §1910.6).
B.15.3.2 Self-accelerating
decomposition temperature (SADT) shall be determined in
accordance with the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference;
See §1910.6), Part II, section 28.
B.15.3.3 Mixtures
of organic peroxides may be classified as the same type
of organic peroxide as that of the most dangerous ingredient.
However, as two stable ingredients can form a thermally
less stable mixture, the SADT of the mixture shall be determined.
B.16
CORROSIVE TO METALS
B.16.1 Definition
A chemical which is corrosive to metals means
a chemical which by chemical action will materially damage,
or even destroy, metals.
B.16.2 Classification criteria
A chemical which is corrosive to metals shall be classified
in a single category for this class, using the test in Part
III, subsection 37.4 of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated
by reference; See §1910.6), in accordance with Table
B.16.1:
NOTE: Where an initial test
on either steel or aluminium indicates the chemical being
tested is corrosive the follow-up test on the other metal
is not necessary.
B.16.3 Additional classification
considerations
The specimen to be used for the test shall be made of the
following materials:
(a) For the purposes of testing steel, steel types S235JR+CR
(1.0037 resp.St 37-2), S275J2G3+CR (1.0144 resp.St 44-3),
ISO 3574, Unified Numbering System (UNS) G 10200, or SAE
1020;
(b) For the purposes of testing aluminium: non-clad types
7075-T6 or AZ5GUT6.
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